Brown rust spots protruding below the leaf between veins of Rudbeckia laciniata, leaving green-yellow indentations when viewed from above. Similar rusts occur on other species of Rudbeckia. Four species of rust-inducing fungi are known to be associated with Rudbeckias (Uromyces perigynius, U. rudbeckiae, Puccinia dioicae, and Aecidum batesii) and we currently don't know if they can be separated by host species or gall morphology.